PathGoal Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PathGoal Theory - Essay Example The articles are different in the way that Chester A. Schriesheim and Linda L. Neider provide more research and literature review on the theory while Jim Bolt discusses the modern leader and importance of changing the dimension of a modern manager's role in the company. Schriesheim and Neider begin their article by mentioning the developers' definition of a leader and the functions that are supposed to be held by a modern manager of an organization. They stress that, the function of a leader is to increase "personal pay-offs to subordinates for work-goal attainment and make the path to these pay-offs easier to travel by clarifying it, reducing road blocks and pitfalls, and increasing the opportunities for personal satisfaction en route" (House, 1971, p. 324). Effective leaders assist employees in their career path that is aimed at individual fulfillment of employees and organizational benefit. Most of the investigations of House's path-goal theory have concentrated on exploring relationships between leadership behaviors (e.g., consideration and initiating structure) and outcome measures (e.g., satisfaction) while studying the impact of different moderator variables (such as task structure). House (1971), for example, found preliminary support for t he contention that situational variables may moderate the relationship of perceived initiating structure as well as consideration and such effectiveness measures as subordinate job satisfaction. The authors of the article cite Bass (1990) noting that the leader "needs to complement only what is missing in a situation to enhance the subordinate's motivation, satisfaction, and performance" (p. 627). Mentioning about over 100 studies published on the theory of path-goal leadership, Schriesheim and Neider continue the article by outlining the findings of few studies. The results of a meta-analysis of over 40 studies, Resulted in a support for the basic propositions of the theory, particularly with respect to the role of initiating structure, moderated by taskcharacteristics, on employee satisfaction. The results with respect to performance as an outcome variable and with respect to leader consideration behaviors appear to be far less consistent, and this may account for the removal of subordinate performance from the most recent statement of the theory. Another study provided by Szilagyi and Sims (1974) found that "while task characteristics moderated the relationship between initiating structure and employee satisfaction, the same was not true with respect to the relationship between initiating structure and performance". Further, Schriesheim and Schriesheim (1980) found that perceived consideration appears to be strongly related to employee satisfaction levels regardless of situational characteristics. Specifically, supportive leadership explained 63% of the variance in supervisory satisfaction scores, even after instrumental leader behaviors were paialled out. This finding is also consistent with the meta-analyses conducted by Fisher and Edwards (1988) and Wofford and Liska (1993), both finding support for a positive relationship between leader consideration and subordinate job satisfaction. Both of these meta-analyses also, however, provided only mixed results regarding the theory's proposed moderator relationships. In contrast to Schriesheim and Neider, Bolt does not refer to any studies in his article but

The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity Essay The most common definition of this term is a social ranking by social wealth. An example would be a family whose income level categorizes them below the poverty line, versus a family whose income level categorizes them far above the poverty line. This is when an oppressor uses race to determine who is and is not privileged. These determinations are made by assigning characteristics to races and dividing them into groups. At minimum, characteristics include physical or cultural traits. This is a broad generalization about groups which does not account for individual differences. An example would be if a person were to generalize that all people from New York City are pushy. Among many others, Chinese Americans, African American, Native Americans and Caucasians are examples of this group. Members of such a group can be identified by obvious physical differences. This occurs when a dominant group forces a minority group to live, work, or socialize separately. The high index of Blacks and Whites living separately in Detroit, Michigan is an example. Another way of describing a minority group, this type of group comprises people of certain race, ethnicity, religion, gender, age, disability. Members of such a group exhibit five distinct characteristics. This occurs when a person, or the group to which that person belongs, assumes the characteristics of a dominant group. An example would be a Native American choosing to abandon his or her cultural norms in favor of United States norms. This group is associated with a faith other than that of the dominant group. For example, individuals who practice Buddhism in the United States belong to this type of group. This perspective maintains that groups in society may express their cultures without facing prejudice or hostility. In part, it can be seen in some of the larger United States cities.

Reflection On Residential Workshop And Positive Interrelationships Nursing Essay

Reflection On Residential Workshop And Positive Interrelationships Nursing Essay Recently I attended a 7 day residential workshop at Findhorn Foundation in Scotland. The two middle aged co-leaders were very experienced in running this workshop, but had never worked together before. Ineka was Dutch and Annis was from the UK. The twelve participants from varying professional backgrounds were of various ages from mid twenties to mid 60s, from all over the world and with several using English as their second language. Although clearly stated in the application form, this was NOT a therapy group however three people had slipped through the screening process and arrived with diagnosed mental illnesses. Two were on medication but the third, Barbara, was not. The higher the level of an individuals psychological pathology e.g. depression, anger, anxiety the less able he or she is to develop and maintain caring and enriching relationships (Johnson Johnson 2009). This was my second visit to Findhorn, the earlier visit being 34 years ago. The purpose of the workshop was to introduce the members to the work of the Community, a World Heritage Eco Village and a spiritual community which runs many human development courses in its college every year. There was a second purpose of which I was unaware to experience and work through a wide range of emotions to increase positive interrelations. I was strangely obtuse about this second purpose and concentrated only on the first. Entitativity is the perception that a group is cohesive with members bonded together. The stronger the joint goals, shared outcomes, interpsersonal bonds, the greater the apparent entitativity of a group (Welbourne, 1999). Our group had incomplete entitativity, I for one feeling detached throughout. The leaders appeared unaware of the dislike many participants had for Annis, who frequently exhibited unnecessary controlling behaviours. Her autocratic style of leadership was rejected, while Inekas equally autocratic style was acceptable because she was a more agreeable, more authentic person. This conflict was not brought into the open, instead being discussed within subgroups, during recreational times. Anniss controlling behaviour impacted on the groups cohesion; there was entitativity amongst the group AGAINST Annis. We found a bond in our mutual rejection of her though that bond, for me, was not sufficient to make me feel part of the group for many reasons. Socializing outside the group can increase the groups cohesion but we divided along age lines. I couldnt get interested in the younger ones, their beliefs, interests and stories. Counterproductive socializing did not happen, nobody feeling excluded from cliques. One detrimental aspect of our group was our refusing to challenge one another for fear of jeopardizing newly forming friendships, and relying on the group as the source of our current social life. We were a long way from home, in an unknown setting, and needed each other for emotional security. Communication was autonomous rather than allonomous in its style of interaction. We talked directly to each other, rather than via the leaders. There was much praising, supporting and offering of help from us all. We all took care to understand and be understood by those who did not speak English well even when this required considerable effort. Gibb, 1961, established that evaluation, superiority, certainty and control produce defensive communication. There was a defensive reaction to Anniss control and certainty. There was evaluation and superiority expressed by participants, but mostly the leaders, against the non-Findhorn world. We were enlightened insiders educating and influencing the ignorant outer world. These attitudes I rejected, which impacted on my commitment to the group. Much respect for each other and each others contributions to the group efforts were articulated. The more accepting and supportive participants were of each other, the more likely they were to reveal ideas, feelings and reactions. The more trustworthy our groups response to such disclosures, the deeper and more personal the thoughts a participant will share (Johnson et al, 2009). We had revelations of bisexuality, of partnering with a paedophile, of terror at failing to cope with motherhood, of being overwhelmed with the exposure of self revelation. Clearly the group was achieving its goals for some of us, but not for me. I revealed more than I ever have before, but my core emotional wounds I kept hidden. I was astonished by such revelations and wanted to rescue those in distress, lacking any other response to such pain. Corey, Corey Corey, (2010) explains that if someone finds it too difficult to witness anothers pain, the supportive individual attempts to offer pseudo support rather than a genuine expression of concern, and empathy. I felt helpless the first time Barbara howled with pain. I postulate that there may also be pseudo pain. The second time Barbara lay in foetal position and screamed in agony, I was astonished to see her sit back on her chair calmly, well satisfied with the attention she received. The third time she performed I felt a little exploited. Thus I remained an outside observer, wondering if I should feel guilty for not being more empathetic. Power may be directly or indirectly expressed through group norms and values. Norms are agreed modes of conduct and belief that guide the behaviour of group members (Johnson et al, 2009). Our group obeyed the direct power exercised by the leaders. We were also systematically educated in the norms expected of us by the Findhorn Community. This was done in discussion and by the leaders modelling expected behaviours. At one point Annis gave us a lecture on the rules of group sharing sessions, the only time I thought she was directly criticising us and I didnt agree with those rules, wanting to give feedback to the person who had just shared but this was not allowed. Sharing was to be received in silence. The first time Barbara broken into howls of anguish, and shared a nightmarish experience she had had while on a group nature walk, she concluded with Now I feel foolish. I believed she should have been reassured that we had not found her behaviour foolish. I too felt ridiculous after co mpleting a task to show a side of me that others havent seen yet and I demonstrated my three year old self having a tantrum. I needed feedback. I was aware that energy is tied up in withholding feeling. When released, people typically reported terrific physical and emotional relief called catharsis. Barbara appeared not to. While expressing emotions may be culturally inappropriate in some situations it was not at Findhorn but later I questioned whether she actually was experiencing the healing of catharsis. Catharsis alone is limited in regard to producing long-term change. Barbara needed to understand her experience by putting into words those intense emotions but this was forbidden by our group norm which made discussion taboo (Corey et al, 2010). Every individual and group uses a mixture of learning styles, namely experience, reflection, conceptualisation and active experimentation (King Kiely, 2004). Our programme used all these adult learning styles in its varied tasks. We played games, danced, walked in Nature, meditated, listened to lectures, drew, made collages, sang, watched films plus much more. However the programme used mainly structured rather than unstructured exercises, which King Kiely (2004) claim is predominantly used for psycho-educational groups. As our leaders were very experienced they had developed their own toolkit of creative exercises though one participant began to cry during the first mornings session of encounter games designed to bond the group and I felt uncomfortable, and quite disgruntled, at having to take part in these role plays as they were outside my expectations. They were too physical, too unpredictable, for me to feel safe in the group at this stage. Our group had no procedures to seek out dissenting opinions. Group think is the collective striving for unanimity so that there is no appraisal of alternatives. There is lack of reality testing, a weakening of rationality, judgemental thinking and the ignoring of inconsistent external information. Groupthink censors discussion of disagreements or arguments (Quinn Schlenker, 2002). Our group felt strong pressure to agree with one another, and failed to engage in effective discussion. If the leaders believe in members capacities to make important personal changes participants may consequently see the group as a valuable conduit to personal growth. If the leaders listen non-defensively and communicate that they value members subjective experience, members are likely to see the power in active listing. If the leaders are genuinely able to accept others for who they are, participants will learn to accept peoples rights be themselves and be different. Modelling behaviour in groups is one of the most effective ways to teach members how to relate to one another constructively and deeply (Corey et al, 2010). These were our leaders successes, with the exception of Anniss need for too much control. If members feel that they are deeply understood they are more likely to trust that others care about them. A misapprehension of invulnerability, indicated by unjustifiable optimism and too much risk taking was present (Keyton, 2006). The norms of the group meant we were above attack and reproach. One participant, Elka, learned that her lover committed suicide while she was with us, and as a diagnosed depressive herself who had attempted suicide 6 months before, was vulnerable after hearing such news. The leaders offered her no feedback, as per their norms, and welcomed the fact that she opened herself up to this challenge! They stressed that they were not a therapy group but I claimed Findhorn attracted damaged people and its leaders should be trained in crisis management. But there were no contingency plans available for when participants became unstable. Absence of disagreement is the primary cause of groupthink (Courright, 1978). I kept my criticisms to myself in group time but talked about them privately to some participants as similarly did others about Anniss controlling behaviour. Members learn how they function as a person in the world by looking at the patterns they use in the group session (Corey et al, 2010). I protected myself from vulnerability by taking on the role of critical assessor, probing for information, attempting to give advice and paying attention to the dynamics of individuals and the group. Instead of paying attention to how I may be affected in the group, I shifted the focus to others, thus I was left behind as the group developed (Corey et al, 2010). The leaders did not sensitively block this defensive behaviour. They could have pointed out to that I was depriving myself of the maximum benefit from the group by paying more attention to others. Schutz (1958) identifies 4 stages in group development. The first, inclusion, assesses individuals as pondering where they fit in, feeling vulnerable, excited and often fearful. The second stage, control, is the jockeying for leadership, control and power. Who is marginalised, who is threatened, who frustrated with authority problems, who projecting onto the leader? This is where I fitted in, as I became frustrated with the groups unwillingness to express negative thoughts or give personal feedback as per the censoring demands of the leaders. My defensive role of critical observer anchored me to this stage. The third stage, affection, is a time when participants feel a sense of belonging, happiness, love and harmony with each other. The others in the group were able to feel this with each other, but not with Annis. The last stage is termination. Creating an effective group requires an appropriate balance between support and challenge but our group lacked appropriate challenge. Our norms were supportive and several participants used that to take risks but that in-itself was not sufficient. Groups that use confrontation to strip away the defensive behaviour of members often consequently have increasingly defensive interaction. Leaders are best to refrain from highly confrontational involvement until they have developed a trusting relationship with participants. Once interpersonal trust is achieved group members are usually more accepting of challenge (Corey et al, 2010). Theasaurus to here: ie done above. I never gave up the safety of my defensive detachment nor did others in the older sub-group. Resistance is a normal process that can lead to productive exploration in the group. The defensive style may take various forms such as conflict, detachment, distrust or diverting but the underlying fear is of getting close and the vulnerability this implies. The most successful way to deal with difficult behaviours is for the leaders to simply describe to members what they are observing and let the members know how they are affected by what they see and hear. Showing a willingness to understand the members behaviour is the gentlest form of confrontation. Using such a strategy in our group would have been helpful (Corey et al, 2010). When feedback is given honestly and sensitively, members are able to understand the impact they have on others and decide, what, if anything, they want to change about their interpersonal style. Feedback has been associated with increased motivation for change to o (Morran Wilson, 1997). Group leaders need to teach participants how to give and receive feedback. Members are more likely to consider feedback that may be difficult to hear when there is a balance between positive or supportive feedback and corrective or challenging feedback. Members can benefit from both if the feedback is given in a clear, caring and personal way (Morran et al, 1997). Positive feedback should be emphasised during the early stages of the group. However positive and corrective feedback should be balanced during the middle and later stages (Moran et al, 1997). However this did not happen for us. Corrective feedback is more credible, useful and increasingly more accepted by members during the working and ending sages. Leaders need to assist in establishing appropriate norms that encourage the giving and receiving of corrective feedback. (Morran et al, 1997). Our leaders modelled positive feedback but not corrective feedback and the groups success was inhibited accordingly. Our final session involved tasks to put what has occurred in the group into a meaningful perspective and to plan ways to continue applying changes to situations in our daily lives. At this time members need to express what the group experience has meant to them and to state where they intend to go from here. Members need to face the reality of termination and learn how to say good-bye. The potential for learning permanent lessons may be lost if the leader does not provide a structure that helps members review and integrate what they have learned but our leaders did this (Corey et al, 2010). We exchanged email addresses and these emails became a valuable support system, particularly for Elka who returned home to find her lover had killed himself the day before. We all emailed her with our empathy and, in my case, good advice as to seeking help for herself. I remained a rescuer! Assisting members in creating a support system is a good way to help them deal with setbacks and keep focused on what they need to do to accomplish their goals (Corey et al, 2010). There was an evaluation sheet that allowed participants to say what was helpful and what was difficult about the group and ways that the sessions could have been improved. It asked for feedback on the leadership which I didnt give! Even at the very end I remained uncommitted to the group processes. This request for post workshop evaluation was a valid request but not sufficient. Evaluation should have been more frequent, with assessment of the groups needs occurring throughout the programme. Keyton (2006) explains that some members enjoy the group experience so much that they do not want it to end. This was particularly true of our younger members. They felt happiness and pleasure at having had a good group experience, but they also felt sadness and loss that the group was over (Rose, 1989). The final night saw us enjoying a celebratory dinner. Keyton, (2006) claims that celebrating success solidifies individuals connections to the group and helps members gain closure. I found such expressions of sorrow irrelevant, never having moved from the control stage of the group so for me, overall, the group did not achieve its second goal. It was, however, successful in regard to this goal for the younger ones. For us all, the goal of being introduced to aspects of living at Findhorn was achieved. 2726 words.

Iraq War :: essays research papers

Friday-January 16, 2004- 4:00p.m: I was watching 'Oprah' and a particular story struck me. It was about these young brides in India who were being burned alive by their husbands because they have become a burden. Before these women are married off, their husbands receive dowries from the bride's family, when the family can no longer meet up with his demands-he sets his wife on fire, in hopes of her dying, and he will eventually marry another bride and obtain more dowry. These women are shun from society and are nothing but worthless beings-they become silent voiceless shadows. This happens to thousands of women everyday. It is the power behind such stories that makes me ponder and become more aware about this world. Similarly the literature of Vietnam has been an eye opener and a gravedigger, opening up my eyes to what happened in Nam and exposing the bones left behind in the stories. It has given me another view of the Iraq War. Human nature can be hard to alter; whether it's a sol dier from Vietnam or a soldier involved in Iraq they share a similar state of mind. In The Things They Carried Tim O' Brien describes the 'Night Life' of the soldiers. In particular there is a story about the gradual mental break down of Rat Kiley. "He couldn't sleep during the hot day light hours; he couldn't cope with the nights." (p.222) As time progressed the war was definitely getting to him: "the days aren't so bad, but at night the pictures get to be a bitch. I start seeing my own body. Chunks of myself†¦I can see the goddamn bugs chewing tunnels through me†¦it's too much. I can't keep seeing myself dead."(p.223) In the end the only way for Kiley to escape was to shoot himself in the leg and get picked up by the choppers. The effect of war is no different on the mentality of a soldier serving in Iraq. The war slowly consumes the mind, body, and most deadly the soul. Once it starts to eat away it leaves a permanent scar. When the war starts to eat away the soul, many times soldiers resort to committing suicide. According to a New York Times article published on January 15, 2004 --'U.S. Soldiers' Suicide Rate Is Up in Iraq.' "U.S. soldiers in Iraq are killing themselves at a high rate despite the work of special teams sent to help troops deal with combat stress, the Pentagon's top doctor said Wednesday.

A Look into Edna St. Vincent Millay’s Poem

Edna St. Vincent Millay’s poem â€Å"What lips my lips have kissed† evokes a sad song that where a lady is regretting all the lovers she had lost. The choice of this particular poem by Edna St. Vincent Millay could be justified by the fact that readers can easily relate to it because it talks about a universal theme, which is love. Although it reeks of regret and loneliness, the poet effectively successfully used palpable symbols and words to describe the past events that transpired in her life. In the poem, the speaker casts herself as a â€Å"lonely tree†. One writer, Epstein (2001) proclaims that this poem is â€Å"a summing up of [the author’s] love life to date, and an occasion to invoke the classic themes of elegy, the tempus fugit and the ubi sunt† (p. 139): What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why I have forgotten, and what arms have lain Under my head till morning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain For unremembered lads that not again Will turn to me at midnight with a cry. Thus in the winter stands the lonely tree, Nor knows what birds have vanished one by one, Yet knows its boughs more silent than before. It seems that the speaker in the poem is an aging lady signified by the songless tree. Indeed, she is an epitome of loneliness and regret, one that we might be tempted to read as a prototype of abandoned womanhood, pathetic and powerless. Male desire in the love sonnets where the woman as a speaker always masquerades feminine weakness and sentimentality; often beseeching, and consumed by desire. However, when a male lover speaks, it would imply â€Å"authority of suffering and, perhaps more importantly, with the authority of convention†. When Millay masquerades as a male poet masquerading as a lovesick woman, the â€Å"sense of where sincerity meets gesture and how authority aligns itself with gender is confused† (Freedman, 1995, p. 113). In its structure, the poem is classified as a sonnet that has a particular rhyming pattern: abbaabba cdedce. The poem uses alliteration and assonance. It is also rich in naturally-occurring symbols, which all readers can easily connect. The poem begins with a one-sentence octave that presents the situation in which the narrator finds herself–inside a house during the rain, reminiscing about her past and forgotten lovers. The inverted sentence structure of the first two lines almost suggests a question rather than a statement: How many lovers were there? The alliterations in the first line additionally emphasize the repetitiveness of the narrator’s sexual encounters. At the same time, the perfect tense mean that this phase of her life has been completed, and the body part symbolisms of lips, arms, and head imply her distance from the experience. In the third line, Millay moves to the present tense, where she describes the memories of her lovers (using a ghost metaphor) aroused by the rain, a symbol for gloom and melancholia. These are the lovers that â€Å"tap and sigh†. The narrator seems insinuating that the lovers themselves are irrelevant. For the same reason, â€Å"Millay picks a metaphor that hints at facelessness and lack of welcome and resonates with the specific time of the midnight hour†. The central phrase in this section is â€Å"quiet pain,† an â€Å"almost-oxymoron suggesting that the narrator's grief is muted or accepted† (Schurer, 2005). As signified by the forward movement of tenses, Millay gives the readers a slight glimpse of things to come as well: However, undeniably, she   regrets everything and she expects no intimacy in the future. In the end, the female narrator seems not interested in the identity of her lovers as in the memory of the emotions they allowed her to experience.   Despite the sadness and regret, the narrator presented peace or redemption as a â€Å"faint echo of the emotion of love from her youth† (Schurer, 2005). Despite the lonely themes and symbols, we can sense of equality in love; to the demand by women that they be allowed to enter the world of adventure and experiment in love which men have long inhabited. However, Millay does not sound to be any feminist to argue for that equality. She just makes it subtle, exhibits it in this poem and turns it into beauty. Works Cited Epstein, Daniel Mark. What Lips My Lips Have Kissed: The Loves and Love Poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay. New York: Holt, 2001. Freedman, Diane P., ed. Millay at 100: A Critical Reappraisal. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1995. Schurer, Norbert. â€Å"Millay's what lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why†, The Explicator, 63.2 (Winter 2005): 94-97.

Biography of James Buchanan, 15th U.S. President

Biography of James Buchanan, 15th U.S. President James Buchanan (April 23, 1791–June 1, 1868) served as Americas 15th president. He presided over the contentious pre-Civil War era and was considered a hopeful and strong choice by the Democrats when he was elected. But when he left office, seven states had already seceded from the union. Buchanan is often perceived as one of the worst U.S. presidents. Fast Facts: James Buchanan Known For: 15th U.S. president (1856–1860)Born: April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap, PennsylvaniaParents: James Buchanan, Sr. and Elizabeth SpeerDied: June 1, 1868 in Lancaster, PennsylvaniaEducation: Old Stone Academy, Dickinson College, legal apprenticeship and admitted to the bar in 1812Spouse: NoneChildren: None Early Life James Buchanan was born on April 23, 1791, in Stony Batter, Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, and his family moved when he was 5 to the town of Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. He was the second and oldest surviving son of the 11 children of James Buchanan Sr., a wealthy merchant and farmer, and his wife Elizabeth Speer, a well-read and intelligent woman. The senior Buchanan was an immigrant from County Donegal, Ireland, who arrived in Philadelphia in 1783, moving to Stony Batter (batter means road in Gaelic) in 1787. He moved the family several times over the next few years, buying up real estate and establishing a store in Mercersburg and becoming the wealthiest man in town. James Buchanan, Jr. was the focus of his fathers aspirations. James, Jr. studied at Old Stone Academy, where he read Latin and Greek, and learned mathematics, literature, and history. In 1807, he entered Dickenson College but was expelled for bad behavior in 1808. Only the intervention of his Presbyterian minister got him reinstated, but he did graduate with honors in 1810. He then studied law as an apprentice to the eminent lawyer James Clemens Hopkins (1762–1834) in Lancaster, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. Buchanan never married, although he was considered Lancasters most eligible bachelor as a young man. He got engaged in 1819 to Lancastrian Anne Caroline Coleman, but she died that same year before they wed. While president, his niece Harriet Lane took care of the duties of first lady. He never fathered any children. Career Before the Presidency By the time he was elected president, James Buchanan was an experienced politician and diplomat, one of the most experienced of individuals ever chosen to be president of the United States. Buchanan started his career as a lawyer before joining the military to fight in the War of 1812. While still in his 20s, he was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1815–1816), followed by the U.S. House of Representatives (1821–1831). In 1832, he was appointed by Andrew Jackson to be the Minister to Russia. He returned home to be a senator from 1834–1835. In 1845, he was named secretary of state under President James K. Polk. In 1853–1856, he served as President Franklin Pierces minister to Great Britain. Buchanan was highly esteemed in the Democratic Party: both Polk and his predecessor in the White House John Tyler had offered him a seat on the Supreme Court, and he was proposed for high appointments by every Democratic president from the 1820s onward. He explored running for the presidential nomination in 1840 and became a serious contender in 1848 and again in 1852. Becoming President In short, James Buchanan was considered an outstanding choice for president, with an extensive dossier of national and international service who believed he could resolve the cultural divide created by the slavery issue and bring harmony to the nation. In 1856, James Buchanan was chosen as the Democratic nominee for president, running on a ticket that upheld the right of individuals to hold slaves as constitutional. He ran against Republican candidate John C. Fremont and Know-Nothing Candidate, former President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won after a hotly contested campaign amid Democratic concerns that the threat of Civil War loomed if the Republicans won. Presidency Despite his promising background, Buchanans presidency was riddled with political missteps and misfortunes that he was unable to alleviate. The  Dred Scott  court case occurred at the beginning of his administration, the decision of which stated that slaves were considered property. Despite being against slavery himself, Buchanan felt that this case proved the constitutionality of slavery. He fought for Kansas to be entered into the union as a slave state but it was eventually admitted as a free state in 1861. In 1857, an  economic depression  swept the country known as the Panic of 1857, driven by the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange on August 27 from a rush to unload securities. The North and West were particularly hard-hit, but Buchanan took no action to help alleviate the depression. In June 1860, Buchanan vetoed the Homestead Act, which offered 160-acre plots of federal land in the west to small farmers and homesteaders. Buchanan interpreted it as a Republican effort to reactivate the slavery issue: he and the southern Democratic states felt that the addition of thousands of small farmers would upset the political balance of slave states and free states. That decision was very unpopular across the country and is considered one of the main reasons the Republicans took the White House in 1860: the Homestead Act passed in 1862 after the South seceded. By reelection time, Buchanan had decided not to run again. He knew he had lost support and was unable to stop the problems that would lead to secession. In November 1860, Republican  Abraham Lincoln  was elected to the presidency, and before Buchanan had left office, seven states seceded from the Union, forming the Confederate States of America. Buchanan did not believe that the federal government could force a state to remain in the Union, and, afraid of civil war, he ignored aggressive action by the Confederate States and abandoned Fort Sumter. Buchanan left the presidency in disgrace, condemned by Republicans, vilified by northern Democrats, and dismissed by the southerners. He is considered by many scholars as an abysmal failure as chief executive. Death and Legacy Buchanan retired to Lancaster, Pennsylvania where he was not involved in public affairs. He supported Abraham Lincoln throughout the Civil War. He worked on an autobiography that would vindicate him for his failures, a book he never finished. On June 1, 1868, Buchanan died of pneumonia; the official biography including the fragment was published as a two-volume biography by George Ticknor Curtis in 1883. Buchanan was the last pre-Civil War president. His time in office was full of handling increasingly contentious sectionalism of the time. The Confederate States of America was created while he was the lame duck president. He did not take an aggressive stance against the states that seceded and instead attempted reconciliation without war. Sources Baker, Jean H. James Buchanan: The American Presidents Series: The 15th President, 1857–1861. New York, Henry Holt and Company, 2004.Binder, Frederick Moore. James Buchanan and the American Empire.  Curtis, George Ticknor. Life of James Buchanan. New York: Harper Brothers, 1883.Klein, Philip Shriver. President James Buchanan: A Biography. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962.Smith, Elbert B. The Presidency of James Buchanan. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1975.

Getting Your Book Coverage in the National Press

Getting Your Book Coverage in the National Press Getting Your Book Coverage in the National Press This is a guest post by Douglas Wight, freelance journalist, author, publisher and book serialization specialist. He explains how authors can get book coverage in the national press†¦ and get paid for it!Book Coverage: Making A SplashHow many â€Å"likes†, how many â€Å"followers†, how’s your â€Å"discoverability†, what are your â€Å"signs of life†, are you on top of your profiles, what are your hits on â€Å"YouTube†?Life can be baffling for an author these days. The pressure not just to have a digital presence but one that’s firing hourly on multiple platforms is not just daunting, but increasingly terrifying.But imagine a platform that would pay for your content. That’s right. Hard cash. Not only that but it will guarantee an audience of millions. And these millions aren’t just digital consumers but actual readers. In addition, at no cost to you, it will take on the heavy lifting of promotion. This platform mig ht even advertise your book, plug it extensively online, tweet links to your material, sell your content on to other outlets, giving you a share of the spoils and run discount price offers so the audience can directly purchase your book.Sounds not bad, eh? And what is this amazing new platform that can promise all this?Actually, it’s oldest known to mankind. The humble newspaper.A Great Success StoryIn the digital age, not much attention is paid to â€Å"old media†. Newspapers are dinosaurs, right, losing readers by the millions, out-dated and out-of-touch?On the contrary, newspapers are in many ways the great success story. They’ve survived the arrival of radio and television and, after a rocky period, are navigating a passage through the Internet age. Crucially, for authors, they love books. True, many titles have done away with specialist literary editors but newspapers appreciate the kudos a book can bring. A good serialization can work wonders for both news paper and author. And, in an age of declining sales, all round publishers and the fourth estate need each other more than ever. If you write non-fiction, there’s a good chance your book could find a home in a newspaper. If you’re the author of a non-fiction book, there’s a good chance it could find a home in a newspaper. The only criteria, be it for a celebrity biography, strong real-life or historical story or a ‘mind, body, spirit’ book, is that it’s new, or offers readers something different. And, as long as it’s properly researched and credible, they’re happy to promote self-published books, which can be a massive boost for a fledgling author or imprint.Modern-day serializations have evolved from the days when newspapers would pay tens, even hundreds of thousands to gut a big celebrity title over several days. As advances have come down, so too has the money newspapers expect to pay to run content, but this has opened up the market. These days a ‘serial’ is more likely to be a one-day hit but it can be a fantastic launch pad for any new book. "A ‘serial’ can be a fantastic launch pad for any new book." – @dougwight Although newspapers demand exclusivity, other media – magazines, online news sources, television and radio stations – are happy to follow, offering new pathways to publicity and promotion.And the good news is that, certainly where tabloids are concerned, they are still willing to pay for content. The sums involved might not make you rich but in an era of ridiculously small advances they can almost take the place of an advance for self-published work.With journalist Jennifer Wiley, I recently self-published an unauthorised biography of the pop singer Rita Ora. A serial deal with the Sun meant we were able to print a hardback and attract interest from a major high street retailer. The Sun’s coverage was picked up around the world and led to extensive secondary publicity. This won’t be everyone’s experience but it showed the potential of strong newspaper coverage.In another example, a book published solely through Amazon’s Print on Demand went o n to sell thousands of copies after a tabloid serialisation brought it to the public’s attention.Get Serious About SerialWhether you are an independent author, self-publisher or have a forthcoming book with a traditional publisher it’s important to think about the merits of serialisation.Most publishers have a rights department whose job it is to secure serial deals. Sadly, however, away from the big titles it can often be the case that a smaller book gets overlooked or not much effort is put into achieving national coverage.So, take an interest. Think of ways to make your text appealing to newspapers. Some authors are guilty of thinking that once their manuscript is sent a team of specialists will mold their work to make it publicity friendly. The reality is that the best you can hope for is that a rights manager will flag it up to a paper and send over the manuscript. If you’re a books editor or features editor you might have ten manuscripts a week vying for y our attention.If, however, you’ve dissected your text and teased out the killer new lines, in which chapters to find them and set out exactly what’s fresh and interesting, then you’re helping push your book to the top of the pile. Dissect your text and tease out the killer new lines, then pitch it to the press. It also means you’re starting to control part of the process.Newspapers are visual beasts so think photos and images. If your book is photo-free suggest images available online that might help them illustrate it. The more visually grabbing your piece is the better chance it has of making it past the editorial conferences held to decide which stories are placed  in newspapers (and where).Fiction is harder to place or feature with anything more than a review. However, if you have a good back story or a remarkable real-life event sparked the idea for a novel this could pave the way for an interview to plug your new book.It’s worth noting, however, that newspapers traditionally don’t pay for author interviews, just extracts. They will, however, plug the actual book, possibly with an off the page reader offer, and front cover.If you’re not writing for a publisher, work with a serialisation expert, or ring up the paper you think is best suited to the material. Features editors are desperate for brilliant ideas.Often, retailers monitor press coverage and increase their orders accordingly. There’s no guarantee that happens all the time and publishers might well argue that the press’s influence on sales is not what it was†¦ but any publicity is good publicity and the more prompters readers get to the existence of a new book the better.So, in this digital age, think ink and see how Fleet Street can help your book get on the High Street.Looking to get some book  coverage in the press or on specialist blogs?  Pitch our  Reedsy publicists here  and ask them for free quotes!Have you tried to pitch your book to newspapers? Do you believe in the power of the "old media" in the digital age? Share your thoughts and experiences with us, or ask Douglas any question, in the comments below!

The heart of darkness essays

The heart of darkness essays Everyone has a heart of darkness. We all have the potential to be uncivilized and hurt each other, no matter whether we come from "civilization" or not. Prejudice and racism are powerful and present in our lives, whether we like it or not. Conrad is saying that if we do not realize this, we will continue the uncivilization. Through Conrad's first person point of view, we are allowed to see one man's view of what will happen if we are not aware of our thoughts and actions. Marlow's journey into the heart of Africa is also a journey into his own heart. Marlow starts out on his journey looking for adventure. His curiosity drives him to find Kurtz. Marlow soon finds that Kurtz, the supposed epitome of civilized, is actually barbaric, savage, and nothing more than the typical greedy colonial white male. Marlow soon realizes he has found something quite different than adventure. Marlow concludes that everyone has the potential for uncivilized behavior, but that no one can live with a heart of darkness. Marlow is a serious man, and a very intuitive thinker, but is sarcastic, such as when he says, "Can't say I saw any road or any upkeep, unless the body of a middle-aged Negro, with a bullet-hole in the forehead, upon which I absolutely stumbled three miles farther on, may be considered as a permanent improvement."(32). Marlow is partly making a joke, but really knows that the treatment of the natives is inhumane. He finds that the colonial purpose is not lining up with the result. Instead of the goal of improvement, the colonists have fallen into greed, which is ultimately their own hearts of darkness. Again, Conrad shows us how disgusted Marlow is when Marlow explains the conditions of the natives: "It was unearthly, and the men wereNo, they were not inhuman. Well, you know, that was the worst of itthis suspicion of their not being inhuman. It would come slowly to one. They howled and leaped, and spun, and made ho ...

Affirmative Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Affirmative Action - Essay Example The United States Department of Labor has implemented the affirmative action in a number of ways that include but are not limited to targeted recruitment, employee support programs, outreach campaigns, and management development. The American society has conventionally suffered a lot from racism and discrimination. There is a strong need to make such public organizations as the health care organizations, universities and the police increasingly representative of the needs of the respective populations that they cater for. Affirmative action has conventionally been subjected to a lot of debate and controversy. Policies implemented in the name of affirmative action including the gender quotas and the racial quotas for admission in the colleges in the USA have been identified as measures to promote reverse discrimination. Accordingly, the majority in the American constitution has rendered the implementation of these actions as unconstitutional. This paper supports the affirmative action because it is a way of increasing diversity in the American society at all levels, eradication of disparity in the earnings of people based on gender, and enhancement of the literacy rate of minorities in the USA. There is dire need of the affirmative action in the American society for the creation of diversity. ... John Stuart Mill asserted that the University intends to create diversity by providing people with frequent opportunities of interaction with people who differ from them. Diversity of students in terms of race, ethnicity, religion and culture is conducive for the development of a healthy educational environment in the schools and universities as it allows students to remove their differences and enhance their understanding of one another’s culture. This is particularly beneficial for the studies of sociology and psychology as students get to look at things from a wider perspective. Patricia Gurin who is the professor of psychology at the University of Miuchigan says that students in a diverse educational setting gain better learning and their tendency to play an active part in the democratic and pluralistic society after the end of their studies is enhanced. Therefore, affirmative action is the need of universities in America. Critics see diversity as a cause of dysfunctional conflicts among the organizational personnel. However, this is a very pessimistic and extremely biased assessment of the impacts of diversity upon the organizational culture. Although there is some possibility of arise of dysfunctional conflicts among the organizational personnel because of their cultural differences, yet this problem can be tackled with effective management and the conflict-resolution practices in place in the organization. Affirmative action is the need of the society because of the widespread lack of equality in the socioeconomic status of people in the USA. There are a lot of places where some people earn more than others simply because the former belong to the majority while the

The Main Accounting Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Main Accounting Principles - Essay Example This paper will shed light upon how JP Morgan Chase has modified their accounting principles in the past and what impact has the same had on their growth. An Analysis of JP Morgan Chase Business environment is consistently changing, some changes bring unprecedented challenges and these challenges should be met in order to consistently keep doing well. The likes of AIG, Lehmann Brothers could not sustain during the period of recession and as an inevitable result of which suffered hefty losses. This paper will expansively present the accounting policies and the changes adapted by JP Morgan Chase in order to successfully face the modern day challenges. A complete analysis of the major changes incorporated by JP Morgan chase will be expansively presented in this paper. The oldest financial services in the world is without a doubt JP Morgan Chase, it has its presence in well over 60 countries. They are the leaders in investment banking, wealth management and a host of other services. The biggest change that ever took place in the history of the financial institutions was the merger with Bank One. This change primarily took place because the other banks like the Bank of America were almost ready to merge with other big banks like FleetBoston. This merger took place because the financial institutions came under increasing pressure during the time of recession. The announcement of this merger was made on 14 January 2004. The Wall Street reacted very positively because of this merger and the NASDAQ witnessed growth soon after the merger took place. This change took place because the two financial institutions wanted to downsize and cut the deadwood out. The aim was to save about $2.2 billion over three years  and it was planned to eliminate as many as 10,000 people. This again goes to show how desperate even the biggest financial institutions were at the time of recession. Mergers and acquisitions were very common and these overtures were the initial signs which showe d that almost all the big financial institutions were panicking. Volatile corporate banking was the major factor on which JP Morgan primarily functioned. â€Å"Wall Street analysts generally praised the merger, and investors climbed on board. Typically, the shares of the acquirer fall, reflecting the cost of the acquisition. In this case, investors are signaling they believe the combined company will make up for that cost by holding the shares in the $39-$40 range, about where they were before the deal was announced. J.P. Morgan has been on a roll, with its shares up about 74% in the past 12 months. Bank One shares jumped about 15% when the deal was announced, matching the premium J.P. Morgan will pay. Such a move is typical in an acquisition.† (JP Morgan Chase) The investors looked less enthusiastic with the deal between Bank of America and Fleet-Boston. This deal was for a whopping $48 billion. The shares of Fleet-Boston were driven up as a result of this deal because Bank of America offered 40% premium in this deal. The shares of Bank of America however came down and the investors lost a lot of money consequently. Big mergers take place because both the companies involved in the merger want to grow at a tremendous pace but this merger was not very useful for both the financial institutions. The collapse of WORLDCOM in the year 2005 signaled trouble for JP Morgan chase, the institution had to pay a whopping sum of $2 billion. This sum was paid to the different shareholders who had lost a lot of mon

Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plato - Essay Example After they are through with their elementary education, they join middle school where teenagers experience pressure that forces them to engage in drugs, alcohol and sex. After children graduate from middle school, they join high school and start taking many responsibilities, which is stressful. After they are through with high school, they tend to think that they will be free (Plato 12). Moreover, modern American community is a resemblance of Plato’s cave based on its varying isolation, jobs, culture, crimes and people’s action. An example of this community is the Ridgecrest town dominated the with white race society. The people blame ethnic minorities for committing crimes make it hard for them to get jobs. The town has strict laws that are similar to the laws that existed in the cave. Therefore, any person disobeying the laws either ends up in jail or faces death. This is similar to the cave where people were put to chains and could not turn their heads. Contemporary homes are similar to Plato’s cave because people have rules restricting them on time to be at home and conduct their chores. Therefore, the home chores are similar to being chained up in the cave because they restrict an individual. Plato draws attention on imprisonment and being put on chains in Allegory of the Den. The feeling of imprisonment exists in schools, communities and homes in the current society. These areas relate to Plato’s cave because people lack

B300 TMA07 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

B300 TMA07 - Essay Example As the tenure rose up to a 73%, which was the maximum level on record ever since the year 1996, the performance of the hotel industry in the Middle East has seen a substantial amplification in the standard rates designated for the hotel rooms. Transversely through the constituency the average room rates had moved at the forefront by almost a 23% to attain a US$125. It was observed that one of the most important carriers an contributors of this cosmological performance were the many countries within the middle east which had begun to branch out their economic foundations , and had initially started working on helping raise their tourism contribution. It was also observed closely that international visitor arrivals to the Middle East more than the last decade boast a practically doubled figure which had been surveyed by the World Tourism Organization (WTO). In the financial year 1996 the international arrivals whether in terms of tourists or airlines to the region were an approximate 15.4million , on the other hand by the end of the year of 2004 this had matured up to a 28.8million , on behalf of a total CAGR of an approximate 8.1 percent . Not astonishingly the Hotel industry and the Airline Industry in the Middle East have altered further than the entire identification and the foreigner or tourist's and the passenger traffic from beginning towards the ending of the Gulf is at the present the highest and the most rapidly budding one in the world, almost continually intensifying by an approximate 10 percent per annum. There has also been observed a brisk in the expansion of the regionally-based international Chain of Hotels such as the ones in The United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Bahrain , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Iran , Iraq - numerous of which are adding together new routines and new utilities that they offer to the ones staying at their hotels also boosting their schedules to unfasten a complete new-fangled source of Hotel markets.1 Research Methods Introduction: There are a lot of different ways, and methods that one can choose and select from, while deciding upon the research Mode. There exist

Team Nietzsche Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Nietzsche - Essay Example By automating the ordering of parts directly from the parts manufacturing will cut down on the delay of customer shipments. W4. Conduct a time study to review the tasks within the engineering and manufacturing departments and also the workflow between them to improve scheduling efficiency and determine whether any buffers can be achieved. Review the possibility of paralleling tasks within each department or from engineering. The work process of first-come, first served, should be reviewed to determine whether a more efficient process can be created to improve response, and decrease dependency on the existing linear flow. Paralleling tasks may help. P1. Henry must provide more autonomy and empowerment to his Managers. He must also lead as a role model by encouraging that rules and structures are adhered to. Henry must be provided with the company's manual with respect to how they expect manager's to govern their departments. P2. Ron must be given more autonomy and empowerment to manage his responsibilities. He requires further management training to develop his skills by becoming more familiar with the business and the products. Ron must be trained in current conflict management methodologies that are outlined in the company manuals. Ron needs to be provided with incentives to ensure that he is reinforcing company values and goals. P3. Lily Crofton's personality and management style lead her to be an ineffectual leader. She tends to focus more on rules than achieving growth. P3. Provide Lily with incentives to increase her motivation, performance, and reinforce company goals and values. Lily should be given training to improve her leadership skills, and conflict management skills. P4. Reuban King's personality and management style conflict and leads to an ineffectual management style. P4. Provide Reuban with incentives to increase his motivation, performance, and reinforce company goals and values. Ron should be given training to improve his leadership skills, and conflict management skills. P5. Wahid lacks the motivation to influence others to meet deadlines and to realign his department's goals with the goals of the company. His personality and culture reflects polychromic views pertaining to time and

Nutritional Value of Fast Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutritional Value of Fast Food - Essay Example The sandwich itself comes with vegetables included such as tomatoes, pickles, onions, and lettuce leaves. Thus giving the sandwich more nutritional value for my money. It is a heavy meal because of the proteins that were combined and the Kaiser bun itself is light in texture although quite filling to the stomach. Topping off the meal with a Lemonade drink helps cut the calorie and fat count of the sandwich since acidity in food or drinks has been known to have a positive effect on the intake of carbohydrates and fats. I eat these types of meals at Wendy's about once a week. As a full-time student, I find that I do not have the time to whip up a meal from scratch. Wendy's burgers and drinks offer me a healthy meal alternative that helps me achieve the nutritional needs of my body. I grab the meal to go or for delivery and sit at my study desk as I continue to concentrate on my studies. This type of food gives me the much-needed energy boost that helps me get through my long study sess ions that often last well into the night. Chili's Entree: Grilled Chicken Salad 270 Calories 14 g. Total Fat 4 g. Sat. Fat 14 g. Carbohydrates 25 g. Protein 4 g. Fiber 610 mg. Sodium Drink: Frosty Chocolate Shake 690 Calories 33 g. Fat 21 g. Sat. Fat 92 g. Carbohydrates 8 g. Protein 0 Fiber 210 mg. Sodium Comment: I normally eat at Chili's about once or twice a month depending upon my financial needs for the next 2 weeks. I do not usually carbo load unless I have to, such as when I need to have marathon study sessions or when I need to finish a school paper within a matter of hours. I normally watch what I eat and make sure that the food will not harm my body in any way. Which is why I normally order the Grilled Chicken Salad at Chilies. It is a very filling meal that has a decent number of calories and a very controlled amount of fats in it. Since the chicken is grilled, the skin is removed and the part used is usually the breast which is known to be the healthiest part of the chic ken. It is served with a light vinaigrette on a bed of vegetables that are as fresh as they can come. I often top the meal with a Frosty Chocolate Shake because I have a weakness for milkshakes. The calcium that I get from the shake helps augment my limited calcium intake during the week. Knowing that the food at Chili's is always healthy, I really wish I could eat there more than once a month. But the prices are prohibitive and I need to watch my budget so I always make sure to drop in for a decent and healthy meal every time I have the extra cash on hand to do so. Comment on Student #1: Student # 1 readily shared his experience with eating the â€Å"junk food† of all burgers, that is McDonald's. A McDonald's meal easily satiates one's appetite due to the overwhelming amount of grease and preservatives that go into the preparation of their sandwiches and fries. That is why when it comes to eating fast food sandwiches, it is always best to look for the ones that come with a n utritional rating that supports the sandwich ingredients. His choice of Dr. Pepper is also alarming. Knowing that sodas are laden with sugar and nothing more than that, it was a wise decision for the student to shy away from McDonald's for the rest of the year.  

B300 TMA07 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

B300 TMA07 - Essay Example As the tenure rose up to a 73%, which was the maximum level on record ever since the year 1996, the performance of the hotel industry in the Middle East has seen a substantial amplification in the standard rates designated for the hotel rooms. Transversely through the constituency the average room rates had moved at the forefront by almost a 23% to attain a US$125. It was observed that one of the most important carriers an contributors of this cosmological performance were the many countries within the middle east which had begun to branch out their economic foundations , and had initially started working on helping raise their tourism contribution. It was also observed closely that international visitor arrivals to the Middle East more than the last decade boast a practically doubled figure which had been surveyed by the World Tourism Organization (WTO). In the financial year 1996 the international arrivals whether in terms of tourists or airlines to the region were an approximate 15.4million , on the other hand by the end of the year of 2004 this had matured up to a 28.8million , on behalf of a total CAGR of an approximate 8.1 percent . Not astonishingly the Hotel industry and the Airline Industry in the Middle East have altered further than the entire identification and the foreigner or tourist's and the passenger traffic from beginning towards the ending of the Gulf is at the present the highest and the most rapidly budding one in the world, almost continually intensifying by an approximate 10 percent per annum. There has also been observed a brisk in the expansion of the regionally-based international Chain of Hotels such as the ones in The United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Bahrain , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Iran , Iraq - numerous of which are adding together new routines and new utilities that they offer to the ones staying at their hotels also boosting their schedules to unfasten a complete new-fangled source of Hotel markets.1 Research Methods Introduction: There are a lot of different ways, and methods that one can choose and select from, while deciding upon the research Mode. There exist

Nutritional Value of Fast Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutritional Value of Fast Food - Essay Example The sandwich itself comes with vegetables included such as tomatoes, pickles, onions, and lettuce leaves. Thus giving the sandwich more nutritional value for my money. It is a heavy meal because of the proteins that were combined and the Kaiser bun itself is light in texture although quite filling to the stomach. Topping off the meal with a Lemonade drink helps cut the calorie and fat count of the sandwich since acidity in food or drinks has been known to have a positive effect on the intake of carbohydrates and fats. I eat these types of meals at Wendy's about once a week. As a full-time student, I find that I do not have the time to whip up a meal from scratch. Wendy's burgers and drinks offer me a healthy meal alternative that helps me achieve the nutritional needs of my body. I grab the meal to go or for delivery and sit at my study desk as I continue to concentrate on my studies. This type of food gives me the much-needed energy boost that helps me get through my long study sess ions that often last well into the night. Chili's Entree: Grilled Chicken Salad 270 Calories 14 g. Total Fat 4 g. Sat. Fat 14 g. Carbohydrates 25 g. Protein 4 g. Fiber 610 mg. Sodium Drink: Frosty Chocolate Shake 690 Calories 33 g. Fat 21 g. Sat. Fat 92 g. Carbohydrates 8 g. Protein 0 Fiber 210 mg. Sodium Comment: I normally eat at Chili's about once or twice a month depending upon my financial needs for the next 2 weeks. I do not usually carbo load unless I have to, such as when I need to have marathon study sessions or when I need to finish a school paper within a matter of hours. I normally watch what I eat and make sure that the food will not harm my body in any way. Which is why I normally order the Grilled Chicken Salad at Chilies. It is a very filling meal that has a decent number of calories and a very controlled amount of fats in it. Since the chicken is grilled, the skin is removed and the part used is usually the breast which is known to be the healthiest part of the chic ken. It is served with a light vinaigrette on a bed of vegetables that are as fresh as they can come. I often top the meal with a Frosty Chocolate Shake because I have a weakness for milkshakes. The calcium that I get from the shake helps augment my limited calcium intake during the week. Knowing that the food at Chili's is always healthy, I really wish I could eat there more than once a month. But the prices are prohibitive and I need to watch my budget so I always make sure to drop in for a decent and healthy meal every time I have the extra cash on hand to do so. Comment on Student #1: Student # 1 readily shared his experience with eating the â€Å"junk food† of all burgers, that is McDonald's. A McDonald's meal easily satiates one's appetite due to the overwhelming amount of grease and preservatives that go into the preparation of their sandwiches and fries. That is why when it comes to eating fast food sandwiches, it is always best to look for the ones that come with a n utritional rating that supports the sandwich ingredients. His choice of Dr. Pepper is also alarming. Knowing that sodas are laden with sugar and nothing more than that, it was a wise decision for the student to shy away from McDonald's for the rest of the year.  

Describe and evaluate two treatments of unipolar depression Essay Example for Free

Describe and evaluate two treatments of unipolar depression Essay Describe and evaluate two treatments for unipolar depression (25 marks). It has been believed that psychological disorders, like physical illnesses, have organic causes. Therefore, mental disorders are treated just like physical ones. Earlier treatments have included things like trepanning which was carried out in the stone again. Nowadays we have much safer and effective treatments such as therapies and drug treatment. Low levels of both noradrenaline (nora) and serotonin (sero) have been found as being important in unipolar depression (UD) and so it seems logical to treat depression with drugs which increase the availability of these neurotransmitters. Tricyclic, a type of anti-depressant, appears to work by blocking the reuptake of nora and sero. They block the transport route that would normally allow these neurotransmitters to be taken back into the pre-synaptic neurones. This means that nora and sero remain in the synapse longer which leads to an increase in the synaptic activity in the neurones. This helps the transmission of impulses to neurones which use up nora and sero. Another type of drug treatment is the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs work in a similar way to tricyclics but affect only the levels of serotonin in the synapses. In order to make efficient use of the body’s resources there is a system whereby serotonin isn’t wasted in the synapse but ‘taken back’ by the pre-synaptic neuron. If this mechanism is impaired by using inhibitor drugs then the sero which isn’t received by the post-synaptic neuron remains in the synapse. This extends the duration of the message being transmitted and/or increases the message intensity. Both SSRIs and tricyclics reduce the symptoms of depression and improves mood. However, these drug treatments don’t always work. The success rate for them is around 60% but it varies from person to person, as do the side effects. There is, however, many different types of drug and each may have a  different success rate. It must be remembered that the ‘success’ of drug treatments for one person may be seen as something completely different to another. Kirsch et al collected data for the licensing of four new-generation anti-depressants. These were all SSRIs. A meta-analysis was carried out comparing the improvements seen in patients taking SSRIs with the improvements in control patients who had received placebos. They found that there was ‘no difference at moderate levels of initial depression’ between the improvements of those receiving SSRIs and those receiving placebos. This shows that the placebo appeared to benefit moderately depressed individuals. This could be due to the sufferers being presented with hope of reducing their symptoms. This contrasts with the results found of severely depressed groups who experienced lessened symptoms, which discredits the placebo effect. It could be argued that the drug itself may have a ‘placebo effect’ where a person feels that they are getting better because they are taking a pill, no matter what the pill is. It could be that the person is helping themselves and the drug is simply supplying the idea that they’re getting better when it does nothing to them. Geller et al found that double blind studies showed anti-depressants to be more effective than placebos for children and adolescents. This could be because there are differences in development between children’s and adult’s brains concerning their neurochemistry. Therefore, children and teenagers may not need to use chemistry altering drugs and could just take a placebo instead as they seen to work better than anti-depressants. Furthermore, Ferguson et al found that those treated with SSRIs were twice more likely to attempted suicide than those treated with a placebo. However, a later review found that a higher risk of suicide was amongst adolescents and decreased amongst adults. This supports Geller’s theory that SSRIs are more effective on adults than adolescents, reinforcing Geller’s view. Drugs have been found to be appropriate and effective at preventing relapse and giving the sufferer a good quality of life meaning they can integrate  back into society and return to everyday tasks. Alternatively, research such as Kirsch, Geller and Ferguson is based on correlational studies. This makes it difficult to say whether UD is caused by low levels of neurotransmitters or if it’s visa-versa. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a therapy which treats depression by combining both cognitive and behavioural techniques. The aim of this is to help people who have mental disorders to cope better with their lives and coincidentally feel better. Ellis suggests that depression is due to irrational beliefs but is also maintained by reinforcement. Rational Emotive Behavioural therapy (REBT) aims to replace self-defeating beliefs with adaptive beliefs and uses the ABC model. An example of this is a student getting a good grade for their essay. This is the ‘activating’ of an event. How the person interprets an event or situation is where the ‘belief system’ comes in. The emotional response is then observed which is the ‘consequence’ of the action is. The aim of REBT is to develop a ‘D’ aspect adding a ‘dispute system’ to replace B, adding an adaptive belief, so the person realises they do not have to be perfect. The therapist will ‘test’ patient’s beliefs with actions which challenge their faulty thinking. Often they can be blunt with clients and not show sympathy in order to avoid reinforcing the problem. Cognitive therapy (CT) by Beck involves the use of ‘thought catching’ and ‘behavioural activation’. Thought catching involves the observation of client’s thinking and see how their thoughts influence their feelings. This brings around the realisation that even though their thoughts can seem factual, they are often not. Behavioural activation is where the client is encourage to find activities they might enjoy and put themselves in a position where they may have to deal with ‘cognitive obstacles’ so they can see that they are getting better whilst being active. Butler et al looked at a meta-analyse of the effectiveness of CBT in the treatment of a variety of conditions and found it was ‘somewhat superior to anti-depressants in the treatment of adult depression’. This shows that CBT  is highly effective for treating UD as supporting evidence was found across an entire range of data, making the results more reliable due to the large amount of information covered. However, Holmes reported that in ‘the single largest study’ of treatments for depression, CBT appeared to be less effective than other psychotherapies and drug treatments. It was also pointed out that evidence for the effectiveness of CBT comes from studies of patients who have depression but no other symptoms. This suggests that CBT may be less effective for people who have multiple diagnoses or are considered to have comorbidity. It may be that CBT’s nature is to only focus on one mental illness due to how quick it is compared to other treatments for mental health disorders and therefore isn’t able to relieve all. In conclusion, the diathesis-stress model would suggest that someone is born with a predisposition for UD but something from their environment must trigger it in order for them to suffer from it. Therefore it makes sense that a physiological treatment such as drug therapy should be used alongside a psychological therapy such as REBT in order to ensure that the treatment does in fact work as Holmes’, Geller’s and Ferguson’s research has shown it may not.

Impact of technology and science on International relations

Impact of technology and science on International relations Impact of technology and science on International relations Introduction: Science, technology and international affairs influence one another. The impacts of science and technology on international affairs, particularly those of communication and information technologies, are especially penetrating. The interactive effects of science, technology and international affairs are so crucial and extensive that the area needs to be identified as an autonomous sub-control. Its current position as a comparatively abstruse theory, to be charged to experts and kept more or less obscured from the principal body of international relations, is a threatening solecism. These impacts may be categorized as handling through one of four main mechanisms: (1) Altering the building of the international system: its structure, its main constructing theories, and the relations among its factors. (2) Altering the operations by which the international system employs, incorporating administration, diplomacy, war, commerce, finance, trade, policy formation, communications, and the assembling of intelligence; (3) Developing new issue regions, trade-offs and new constraints in the constructing environment of foreign policy, an expression which incorporates not only political constraints on international operations, but also constraints imposed by the laws of natural and social science; and (4) Contributing a source of adjusted realizations, of data and clarity for the operation of the international system architecture, and of new theories and schemes for international relations theory. Aim: The major intention of this project proposal is to carry out the factors that influenced on international relations based on technology and science. And how have significant elements in international affairs evolved as they interact with technological change. Objectives: To understand the project needs, it required collecting the background information through literature survey on international relations and it associated issues. To collect the back ground knowledge on technology and science, required to consider case studies. To make research, need to prepare a frame work with proper research methodology and approach. To critically evaluate the survey results and observations in literature study through discussion and analysis. Research questions: What are the critical factors that need to consider for project international relations when technology and science is the primary concern? What is the significant role of technology and science towards international relations get strengthen? Literature review: Taylor (2004), faces that technological creativity has a great impact on international affairs or relations. Yet, he specifies, international relations intellectuals in common have contributed small amount to the effect of science and technology. International Relations in different nations: According to Eugene B. Skolnikoff, the startling changes in world affairs that began in late 1980’s signaled the end of many of the central elements of postwar international relationships. Momentous and unexpected events in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union occurred at a breathtaking pace, with a spontaneity that tended to obscure the underlying currents that had unleashed them. Many forces were at work in those societies over decades, culminating in dramatic upheaval in essentially all countries of the former eastern bloc. The influence of technological change in the disintegration of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union is but one manifestation of a much longer story in which the results of science and technology have contributed to a profound evolution of the details and substance of national and international affairs. The effects are visible not only in the outcome of the communist experiment but in the countless alterations in the relationships within and among nations and peoples. And that influence is likely to continue to be significant long into the future as the nations of the world remain strongly committed of supporting research. The evidence for the role of science and technology in the evolution of international affairs is pervasive, and most easily seen through dramatic developments that have led global consequences such as the deployment of massive strategic nuclear forces, the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, foreign currency transactions on computerized financial markets in excess of $500 billion per day, or the total eradication of the scourge of smallpox. Relationship between Science technology and international relations: The relationship between international relations and science and technology is not only a result of result of recent advances in science and technology, though the breadth of interaction and the rapidity of change are relatively modern characteristics. The historical examples are countless, ranging from weapons developments that altered the fate of nations and social structures, to industrial technologies that were the basis of revolutions in economy and wealth, to new capabilities in science and technology themselves that led to astonishing discoveries and applications. It was not only the physical developments of technology that had an impact; underlying concepts of science and of the natural world were crucial as well. The intellectual currents of the enlightenment, so much a product of the new ideas of experiment and rationality that accompanied the scientific revolution, served to stimulate massive forces for change in the west. Today, given the scale and organization of the scientific and technological enterprises, science and technology have become arguably the most powerful and persistent factors lending to societal change and, necessarily, to change in international relations. The accelerated commitment of resources and development (r/d) during and after World War II has transformed the relatively haphazard climate of invention and scientific research of earlier centuries. There is now in place a formidable and growing capacity, a system for targeting human integrity toward the rapid expansion of knowledge and the production of new technologies designed to serve perceived or speculative needs. Not only do the products of this system have significant international effects, but it’s very operation leads to international consequences and favors the creation of global markets for its products and for surprising portion of the system, international goals provide the underlying motivation for the commit ment of r/d resources by governments and even by industry. Technical aspects of international relations: The subjects with international consequences that have been massively affected by technological change in recent years are familiar; weapons, communications. The economy, transportation, agriculture, health, space, and others; few, if any, aspects of international affairs have been untouched by science and technology. The effects of the application of technology are so widespread, in fact, and often of such obvious importance in the conduct and evolution of relations among nations, that it is routine for commentators to lapse into florid rhetoric in describing the resulting dramatic change in the international political system. Secretary of George P. Shultz said in December 1987, â€Å"Developments in science and social organization are altering the world profoundly- too profoundly for conventional habits of thinking to grasp. History suggests that mankind rarely understands revolutionary change at the time it is coming about.† W. Michael Blumenthal, Secretary of the Treasury under President Carter said in his 1987 Elihu Root lectures at the council on Foreign Relations in New York, â€Å"I believe there is one circumstance which overshadows all else and has set the current period apart: unprecedented, deep and continual technological change†¦extraordinarily rapid technological change has thrust upon us yet unresolved problems of governance in the national and international spheres. For all that the relationship appears to be self-evident; the extent even of the surface changes in international politics stemming from science and technology proves to be quite difficult to characterize with precision or to assess satisfactorily. It is not hard to draw up lists enumerating international political issues that are affected by technological change, but it is very much more demanding to understand the complexity of the interactions and their more profound consequences for international relations. That understanding is necessary not only to capture the relationship for analytical purposes, but also to assess the true extent of the evolution in international relations and to be able to anticipate, and possibly influence, the future directions and implications of change. It is that understanding of the complexity of the interaction and of the consequences for international affairs that we hope to achieve in this inquiry. Theories of international relations: Curiously, though there have been innumerable policy studies dealing with the effects of technological change in specific policy areas and a small number of works that attempt to look across the board at important policy areas, the subject is largely unexplored from the deeper perspective of the overall effects of science and technology on the evolution of international affairs. It is curious because of the evident centrality of the relationship, whether or not there is agreement on its ultimate significance. Even scholars concerned with theoretical issues in international relations tend to create science and technology as static givens or as emanating from impenetrable black boxes. One of the purposes of this study will be not only to fill this lacuna in the subject as a whole, but along the way to provide a basis for considering science and technology more appropriately in policy or theoretical analyses as the interactive, dynamic variables they are in reality. There is much obviously much in the theoretical literature on international relations that is pertinent and that would illuminate the issues we will be discussing. It would be possible, in fact, to structure along the lines of the debates among theorists. For example, according to differing views of the role of the state or of state or international organizations, both of which have been, and will continue to be, much affected by scientific and technological change. The idea of sovereignty, appearing often in both theoretical and policy terms, does require brief discussion, however, for it is a central element in the nation-state system and is repeatedly cited as having been eroded or at least greatly altered in meaning by technological change. It might easily be assumed that it would figure as an organizing theme in a study concerned with the impact of science and technology on evolution of international relations. The concept is generally thought by theorists, statesmen, and the public at large as fundamental attribute of nations, what Stephen Krasner calls â€Å"the constructive principle of the existing international system†. Methodology: As this project is mainly towards the qualitative research work and which extracts the information analysis from ground level. In this project data analysis point of view, primary data collection is considered where it is with the metric point and literature survey is considered towards the qualitative research part. Qualitative is chosen for project scope area where it deals with the amount of data collection which is not come true with quantitative. Corbin, A. S. a. J. (1998) Researcher want to collect the data from recent articles as well as recent publishers reviews and for primary data collection, he want to choose from different level of people in IT organization like project manager, employee and top level management. So it will be very helpful to analyze the particular point in multidimensional view. It will be more helpful for this research analysis. I had some reference in Indian IT companies, with that I want to go for primary data collection by taking the interviews (Yin, R. (1989)). Data collection is considered as primary and secondary resources. In secondary point, data is being collected in indirect manner where resource will be like books, articles, journals and internet resources (Easterby-smith, R. T. a. A. L. (2002). Primary data collection is the process of finding the data collection from real domain experts by taking the interviews and questionnaire. Then make a comparison study between primary data collection and secondary then make analysis according to the researcher choice with proper evolution. As this project deals the research area of qualitative where there is a lot of scope in mine the knowledge about project task. Interviews are conducted in semi structured pattern where the interview is frame with defined set of questions which is towards the objectives. The most common approach to studying the interaction of science and technology with international relations views the relationship in the context of specific policy areas, typically in relation to pressing policy concerns. A limited number of studies have taken a somewhat broader canvas using a variety of specific policy implications of science and technology as a way of illustrating the growth and change in the matter of international politics and the new relationships and institutions that have been created. These studies have been useful with respect to specific policy implications of developments in science and technology, but they are less satisfactory for our goal of understanding the broader and more fundamental interactions of science and technology with the international political system, and how that system is affected by the continued advance of science and technology. Our primary purpose is not to produce a definitive or quantitative measure of system change; the task would be difficult and the result ultimately arbitrary. Rather, we will explore the nature of the interactions between technological and social factors that lead to evolutionary change, identify the direction and patterns of that change, and record its characteristics. Our focus, accordingly, will be on the patterns of evolution of important elements of international relations as a result of the impact with science and technology. We will consider change in system characteristics or concepts to constitute a definitive transformation only when it is ambiguous. Analysis: The complete project is mainly concerned about the international relations with respect to the technology and science. Now a days, completely world relayed on globalization issues where technology plays vital role in all the fields of development as well as service oriented industries. According to the aim of this project proposal, it must be focused on technology relevant domains as well as current positions with respect to the fields of operations. Even here it required to consider the change management factors according to the change occurred in one sector. So change management plays crucial role in international relations when technology and science came in the primary concern. Researcher point of view, this domain brings very helpful information and prediction policies towards the international relations. For this kind of research, primary data collection is essential where the interpretation is mandatory with respect secondary data which gathered through literature survey. For primary data collection point of view, it considered personal interviews to the professionals in technology end who are worked for research and development sectors. For that researcher is considered information technology field which always keep on upgrading with their technologies and shows much impact on international relations and associated tools. According to the researcher, this research is much towards the real world, so it should be useful for improvement of international relations. Schedule plan and timetable: According to the researcher, this project takes around 90 days of time where the initial stage is completely depends on the requirement analysis of project. Then it will consider the significant study of literature associated with project domains. Then it is required to choose proper research methodology and primary data collection from real domain like surveys and personal interviews. Finally researcher will come to produce the key findings of results with proper frame work also conclusion where all the research work is done under supervision of my project coordinator. References: Cultural Impact on International Relations 2002 (Chinese Philosophical Studies). Edition. Council for Research in Values. Committee on Japan, 1997. Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan (Compass Series). Edition. National Academies Press. John R. De La Mothe, 2002. Science, Technology and Global Governance (Science, Technology, and the International Political Economy Series). 0 Edition. Routledge. 2001. International Relations and Global Climate Change (Global Environmental Accord: Strategies for Sustainability and Institutional Innovation). 1st Edition. The MIT Press. Beverly Crawford, 1993. Economic Vulnerability in International Relations: East- West Trade, Investment, and Finance. Edition. Columbia University Press. MIT Political Science: Graduate Studies Fields of Study. 2014. MIT Political Science: Graduate Studies Fields of Study. [ONLINE] Available at: http://web.mit.edu/polisci/graduate/core.html. [Accessed 19 March 2014]. JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie. 2014. JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20026535?uid=3738256uid=2480264703uid=2uid=3uid=60sid=21103798658603. [Accessed 19 March 2014]. What is the Impact of Science and Technology (NUCLEAR WEAPONS) Upon International Relations?. 2014. What is the Impact of Science and Technology (NUCLEAR WEAPONS) Upon International Relations?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.preservearticles.com/201106208251/what-is-the-impact-of-science-and-technology-nuclear-weapons-upon-international-relations.html. [Accessed 19 March 2014]. GT Catalog : International Affairs : MS International Affairs. 2014. GT Catalog : International Affairs : MS International Affairs. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.catalog.gatech.edu/colleges/cola/inta/grad/phdintast.php. [Accessed 19 March 2014]. 20th-century international relations (politics) :: Science and technology in wartime Encyclopedia Britannica. 2014. 20th-century international relations (politics) :: Science and technology in wartime Encyclopedia Britannica. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/291225/20th-century-international-relations/32912/Science-and-technology-in-wartime. [Accessed 19 March 2014].

Symbolism in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Araby Essay -- Flannery O

Symbolism In the short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, by Flannery O'Connor, every object including the characters are symbols. The Grandmother for example is the one and only dynamic character, represents all of us who have had to feel grief or needed to ask for forgiveness. As Flannery O'Connor has suggested, the story is a spiritual journey because of the Grandmother's quandaries. In the beginning of the story the Grandmother is obsessed with everything worldly and superficial. She cares only about how others perceive her, â€Å"Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady† (O'Conner 413). She gets dressed up for a car trip so that, on the random chance that they would be in a car accident and that in that wreck she would be thrown from the car and laying on the pavement, she would be happy because the people passing by would think that she is a lady. This represents us as humans because daily we choose to be way too self-conscience. We care what people think whether we admit it or not. The first thing that comes to mind is me and my make-up. Make-up is a perfect example of us women caring a great deal about what others think of us. She is also very selfish in her activities. Instead of caring about what is best for the family, she wants to go to Tennessee because she has friends there whom she would like to see. There are three stages of thought for the Grandmother. During the first stage, which is in the beginning, she is completely focused on herself in relation to how others think of her. The second stage occurs wh... ...hat in just reading it the first time I looked right past. It wasn’t until my dad made me actually read some parts out loud that I understood. Even in these short stories, there is so much meaning packed into them. It shows how intelligent these writers actually are. In the beginning I didn’t care too much for this quirky little love story â€Å"Araby† yet after analyzing it, it has become one of my favorites and has inspired me to go back and re-read a few of the stories in this book that I may have just brushed past. Symbolic representation has become very interesting to me and both of these stories among many others are filled with it. Works Cited O'Connor, Flannery. "A Good Man Is Hard to Find." 1955. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and the Essay. 4th ed. Ed. Robert DiYanni. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Joyce, James. â€Å"Araby†. Kirszner and Mandell.

My writing styles Essay -- Essays Papers

My writing styles There are many writing styles that many people pick up as they go through there many years of schooling. Each person picks up the same type of writing styles but as years go by people seem to pick up there own little types of writing style that separates them from everyone else. As I have gone through many years of English classes I have acquired more and more skills and many more are sure to come as I continue my education. My writing skills have only gotten better from the time of ninth grade English class until today. Since my days back in junior high school I was only taught the basic skills to write papers and since then they have grown to make me a decent writer. I have many strengths and also many weakness that I still need to work on. Many people have there own strengths in writing and there own weaknesses that they need to work on. I consider myself a half way decent writer because I have a couple of weakness that I still need to work on for me to be the writer that I want to be. One of my major weaknesses in my writing ...

Hospital Waste Management Essay

Introduction Hospital waste management is one of the most critical and yet underrated kind of waste management .The growing number of hospitals and the unhealthy eating habits of the people has contributed to the rising number of patients in hospitals. Wastes that are improperly disposed lead to spreading of infection. This will lead to the unhealthy society as a whole. Modern day societies place high importance on preventing the manufacturing of plastic and its By-products but they overlook the importance of collecting and disposing the existing plastic products that are in circulation. This is applicable for the hospital waste management as well. Hence it is imperative to focus and understand the procedures used for hospital waste management. Functions The hospital waste management process contains the following stages. Stage 1: [Acquiring the contract] The hospital invites tenders from prospective waste management agencies via newspaper agencies. Hospital follows a strict selection procedure which includes the experience of the agencies eco friendliness and regulatory constraints. Some of the constraints are * Number of workers deployed in the site of waste management * The precautionary measures taken by each worker deployed * Removal of waste on weekly basis * Proper reusability of waste Stage 2: [Resource Allocation] Resource will be allocated based on the waste generated by the hospital on day to day basis. Now generally the agency calculates the amount of waste based on the bed capacity on the respective hospitals. Ex: St.John’s medical college hospital which is located in Hosur main road, Koramangala is  one of the biggest hospitals in Bangalore and it has 2500 beds and generates a lot of hospital waste. Stage 3: [Collecting the waste] Hospitals give a separate area in their premises to the agency to segregate the waste generated by them. The ward boys collect the waste on an hourly basis. The collected waste is disposed into two distinctive bags namely red color for Bio-hazardous waste and yellow for non- hazardous waste. The agencies collect the waste from this segregated area. Stage 4: [Segregation] The waste collected in Red and Yellow bags will be further segregated based on the composition of that particular waste. Bio-hazardous waste such as needles, amputated limbs and any other material that was contaminated by blood are first sorted and packed in special containers. These containers are sent to a place located in the outskirts of the city for final disposable. State authorities in India have made several strategic decisions pertaining to HCW management. One decision was how to refine the technology options included in the Biomedical Waste Rules. Although the rules list incineration as an option for certain categories of BMW, concerted efforts by NGOs—including Srishti, Toxic Link, and Jyotsna Chauhan Associates—and the press have convinced some SPCBs to rule out the use of onsite incineration. In the State of Andhra Pradesh, for example, where most health care facilities are in the heart of cities, the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board prohibited incineration at health care facilities in the entire state after considering the potential adverse impacts of pollutant emissions from substandard incinerators. The Kerala Pollution Control Board recently opted for autoclaving and deep burial of BMWs instead of incineration. The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has banned incineration of BMWs—except for body parts and human tissues— in favor of autoclaving and sanitary land filling. National and state authorities have made some technology choices  for HCW management taking into account human health impacts in urban and rural areas. The Biomedical Waste Rules specify that incineration is the disposal scheme required for human anatomical and animal wastes for cities with population greater than 500,000, and deep burial is the disposal scheme required for such wastes for smaller cities and rural areas. In the State of Karnataka, however, because of the poor performance of incinerators at health care facilities, on-site incineration has been prohibited within the limits of six city municipal corporations and in all district headquarters. Of these locations in Karnataka, where the population exceeds 500,000, destruction of human anatomical and animal wastes is to be accomplished by incineration only at CWTFs to comply with both the Biomedical Waste Rules and state requirements. Bangalore, Hubli- Dharwad, and Mysore comply with this requirement, but in Mangalore, human anatomical and animal wastes are currently disposed of by deep burial. In Andhra Pradesh, state authorities have selected deep burial as the disposal scheme for biodegradable infectious wastes in areas with a population less than 500,000. This approach is not in compliance with the Biomedical Waste Rules, which require local autoclaving, microwaving, or incineration instead of deep burial, but it is in accordance with the 1999 WHO guidelines for the safe management of wastes from health care activities. Another strategic decision for state authorities in India was whether to opt for on-site treatment of BMWs or common treatment of BMWs. Common treatment of BMWs offers several advantages. 1. CWTF can be located away from hospital premises and urban areas, significantly reducing the potential adverse human health impacts. 2. CWTF reduces treatment and disposal costs by treating large quantities of wastes collected from many facilities (that is, it offers economies of scale), although the savings must be balanced by the additional transportation costs from all the facilities to the CWTF. 3. CWTF can employ specially trained personnel who could not be easily supported by individual health care facilities, resulting in better and more efficient operation. 4. The permitting, monitoring, and enforcement efforts by regulatory agencies of one CWTF are likely to be fairly effective. Nonetheless, there are challenges associated with a common treatment of BMWs. A CWTF approach imposes a direct financial burden on the operators of health care facilities, who previously paid minimal amounts for services associated with waste management. It also requires operational and behavioral changes by the operators of health care facility operators, who must properly segregate wastes into the types of BMW accepted by the CWTF operator. A more important concern is the difficulty of ensuring continued involvement of the private sector in a CWTF when the market is uncertain because of the absence of a culture of compliance and a weak enforcement regime. India’s central government views common waste treatment as the most appropriate approach to the treatment of BMWs generated in urban areas. Andhra Pradesh was the first state to devise and implement a CWTF scheme. Initially, resistance to the scheme arose from doctors who were unwilling to accept a CWTF approach for the â€Å"Twin Cities† area of Hyderabad and Secunderabad and objected to the charges required for BMW treatment and disposal. Workshops were held with doctors and other facility staff to overcome their resistance, and mass awareness campaigns were conducted in Andhra Pradesh about the need for safe BMW treatment and disposal. Two privately owned CWTFs were set up in the state to treat BMWs from Hyderabad and Warangal Districts, using the same types of technologies (incineration and autoclaving). The successful model for a privately owned and operated CWTF used in Andhra Pradesh was subsequently emulated in other states—including Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu—and plans for similar CWTFs have recently been adopted in the States of Gujarat, Kerala, New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. †¢ Karnataka: In Karnataka, two CWTFs—one in north and the other in south Bangalore— have been operating using incineration and microwave technologies to serve about 6,000 beds in the city. Another CWTF in Mysore, which uses the incineration and autoclave technologies, was commissioned for 67 health care facilities with 7,000 beds. Two additional CWTFs, both based on the incineration technology, were com-missioner recently in Belgaum and Hubli- Dhardwad. Three additional CWTFs are going into place in Karnataka at Gulbarga, Mangalore, and Shimoga. All the CWTFs in Karnataka are located away from the  city limits, with transportation of BMWs provided by the CWTF operator. Stage 5: [Selling the waste to the Wholesaler] The segregated scrap is then sold to the wholesaler .There are 3 types of wholesalers namely * Glass based * Paper based * Plastic based * Glass based: Once the glass based wholesaler receives the bottles, he segregates the bottles which can be reused and sends it back to the respective companies and the bottles which cannot be reused are crushed and then melted and made into different glass products . * Paper based: Once the paper based wholesaler receives the segregated papers the cotton boxes are crushed and treated then it is converted to a carton box again . The papers are separated on the basis of their color and then treated for ink removal and then sent to paper mills. * Plastic based: The sorted plastic is first washed with chemicals to remove all hazards and then it is grinded and it is made into powder so that it loses its original shape. Then this particular powder is sold to the factories, they melt it and make it into different products. Materials and methods There are a few amenities required by the waste management agencies to function in effective manner. 1. The yard provided by the hospital should have a roof .The yard should be ventilated properly .Otherwise most of the products are wet, they start emitting bad odor .This may cause infection to the workers in the yard. 2. Each and every worker should be provided with a pair of surgical gloves .He also has to wear proper footwear. There are chances of infected material coming to the yard, so this will prevent them from getting infected. 3. The burning of the hazardous waste material should be done outside the city limits where the population is minimal and the ashes should be buried minimum 20 feet below the ground. There should be a minimum of 50 feet chimney to let the smoke outside .The ashes should not be buried anyway next  to ground water irrigation. 4. The glass and plastic wholesaler should take extra care to see to that the materials are washed properly with the right chemicals to prevent any kind of infection. 5. The workers in the yard and the wholesaler’s warehouse should follow strict precautionary measures and they should be provided with hand sanitizer. Marketing plan The marketing strategy of hospital waste management varies depending on their operational capabilities. Large scale operators like Maridi based in Hyderabad and Synergy based in Delhi use advertising campaigns to attract prospective customers while small players like Sathya Eco-Management based in Bangalore, follow variant of direct marketing by approaching hospitals to collect Hospital waste Financing and Incentives The following table describes approximate revenue of Sathya Eco-Management The revenues in 2008 were boosted by The Beijing Olympics where large quantities of scrap were exported from India to China. This year was unusual as compared to other years where the revenues fluctuated within the range of 12 to 16 lakhs. The financial cycle begins with the invitation of the tenders from the hospitals. Prospective bidders who satisfy the selection criteria pay the required amount in demand draft. The waste management agencies would then sell the procured material to the wholesalers. The wholesaler then sells his product to the different factories. The factories convert the procured material into the product and sell it back to the consumers. The wages are made every week on a daily rate basis. Regulatory framework India was the first country in South Asia to establish a legal framework for the management of health care wastes. The development of  India’s legal framework began in 1995.At that time; the scope of the HCW problem was rather large. According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)—the technical arm of India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests—an estimated 150 tons/day of biomedical waste generated from health care facilities were being mixed in with communal wastes without adequate attention to proper waste management procedures (CPCB 2000). In 1995, India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests drafted rules for managing BMWs that proposed (a) Each health care facility with more than 30 beds or serving more than 1,000 patients per month installs an incinerator on its premises. (b) Smaller health care facilities set up a common incinerator facility. Shortly thereafter, in March 1996, the Supreme Court directed the Government of India to install incinerators at all hospitals in the New Delhi area that had more than 50 beds. Sixty incinerators were installed in the New Delhi area, and 26 of them are still in service. Only one of these incinerators meets today’s national norms—an incinerator at RML Hospital that was re engineered by CPCB. Meanwhile, in 1995, Srishti, a nongovernmental organization (NGO), had taken a survey that revealed unsanitary practices and associated risks in dealing with HCWs in India. In 1996, Srishti initiated public interest litigation against the government that led the Supreme Court to revise its initial position for incineration at health care facilities by ordering India’s Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)—the technical arm of the Ministry of Environment and Forests—to consider alternative and safer technologies in HCW management rules and to set up technology standards. A major drawback of incineration is that it produces toxic air emissions. The principal pollutants in terms of public health are heavy metals (such as cadmium, mercury, and lead), hazardous by-products from combustion (such as dioxins and furans), and particulate matter. Srishti asked the Supreme Court to require alternative and safer technologies in the  rules and the setting up of standards for these alternative technologies. At Srishti’s urging, India’s Supreme Court revised its initial position and ordered CPCB to consider alternative BMW treatment and disposal technologies. Between 1996 and 1998, while CPCB was evaluating alternative technologies, there were intensive consultations among government officials, health care representatives, scientists, members of the industry, and NGOs. The culmination of all these efforts was the preparation and publication by India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Biomedical Waste (Handling and Management) Rules of 1998.Those rules are discussed further below. The Biomedical Waste Rules of 1998 India’s Biomedical Waste Rules of 1998, which were amended twice in 2000, are based on the principle of segregation of communal waste from BMWs, followed by containment, treatment, and disposal of different categories of BMW .The rules classify BMWs into 10 categories and require specific containment, treatment, and disposal methods for each waste category. An overview of the BMW treatment and disposal technologies specified in the Biomedical Waste Rules. BMW treatment options include autoclaving, microwaving, incineration, and chemical treatment; in addition, hydroclaving has been approved by CPCB as an alternative treatment technology. BMW disposal options include deep burial and secure and municipal land filling for solid wastes, and discharge into drains (after chemical treatment) for liquid wastes. India’s Biomedical Waste Rules are similar to those in international practice, although they have some internal inconsistencies and deviate in some respects from the procedures the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends for managing HCWs. National Guidelines for Implementing the Biomedical Waste Rules Each state or territory in India is responsible for implementing India’s Biomedical Waste Rules, and State Pollution Control Boards in states or Pollution Control Committees in the territories are designated as the prescribed authorities. Although environmental standards and guidelines for the management of BMWs were developed by India’s CPCB in 1996 (CPCB 1996), these were merely technical  standards for technology options for health care facilities. In 2000, CPCB published a manual on hospital waste management that provided technical guidance for carrying out India’s Biomedical Waste Rules in the areas of HCW segregation, storage, transport, and treat ment (CPCB 2000). The CPCB manual gave special emphasis to BMW incineration, covering incinerator emissions, maintenance requirements, operational problems and solutions, and pollution control systems. Suggestions regarding common waste treatment facilities (CWTFs) for BMW treatment were also included in the manual. CPCB’s manual was informative, but it was not comprehensive enough to cover all aspects of India’s Biomedical Waste Rules, such as sharps management, handling of infectious liquid wastes, minimization of BMW generation, training of health care facility employees, and recordkeeping and monitoring procedures. As discussed below, a positive development is that CPCB has recently issued two sets of draft guidelines, one set pertaining to the treatment of BMWs at CWTFs (CPCB) and the other pertaining to the design and construction of BMW incinerators. CPCB’s recent draft guidelines on CWTFs set out requirements for the location, land size, coverage area (in terms of the maximum number of beds served), treatment equipment, and infrastructure setup of the CWTF; collection and transportation of BMWs, and disposal of treated BMWs; and other operational issues. The listed technologies in the draft guidelines include those prescribed in the Biomedical Waste Rules, plus hydroclaving. The draft guidelines’ prescriptions are not always well justified. For example, the minimum coverage of each CWTF is set at 10,000 health care facility beds, without consideration for local conditions such as the geographical dispersion of the health care facilities; the suggested land area for each CWTF is 1 acre, but no basis for this suggestion is presented. In addition, the draft guidelines propose a 150-km-radius operational area, which would cover health care facilities in rural areas. This proposal becomes more important in the current debates around sharps wastes from immunization in India as the new types of auto disposable plastic syringes are being characterized as safer options than glass syringes. Moreover, CPCB’s draft guidelines appear to be prescriptive on the waste management charge scheme instead of letting the optimum scheme develop on the basis of experience gained in India. CPCB’s recent draft guidelines for BMW incinerators include requirements for the incinerator design and its air pollution control device, physical structures (incineration and waste storage rooms), operator qualifications, personal protection equipment, and emergency procedures. These guidelines restrict incineration of BMWs only at CWTFs, with the exception of on-site incineration upon special approval by CPCB. The draft guidelines’ strong bias against on-site incineration at health care facilities is a major deviation from the Biomedical Waste Rules, which are equally applicable to the on-site and CWTF incinerators. It is clear that the new emphasis reflects the recent findings about the poor design and operating conditions of on-site incineration equipment at health care facilities in India vis-à  -vis the requirements of the Biomedical Waste Rules. Conclusion There is no denying that hospital waste management plays a crucial role in the sustainability and growth of a healthy society. So it is imperative all the stakeholders involved in the hospital waste management industry follow the best possible, environmental friendly, effective and efficient practices. In conclusion, everything boils down to the long term health and sustainability of our earth and it is important to keep in mind that we do not inherit the earth from our ancestors but we borrow it from our children. References * Sathya Eco-management, Bangalore. * Raja plastic, Mysore Road, Bangalore. * Maridi Bio-Waste Management (www.maridibmw.com). * â€Å"Health Care Waste Management in India† by BEKIR ONURSAL .